There are hints indicating that some bacilli do not form spores but can survive in the soil and multiply.
The highest concentrations of spores were measured in May, i.e. Precipitation data for the endemic Kars region in northeast Turkey from 2008 to 2009 show how rainfall patterns influence the concentration of spores in soils. The extent to which anthrax spores persist and spread in soil depends on adhesion to soil particles, the type, matrix and biological parameters of soil, rainfall and the flow properties of soil water. As example, in the South Omo region of Ethiopia anthrax outbreaks in livestock and the local population occurred in 2006 after a heavy flood and 2016-2017 during long lasting drought periods. Įxtrem weather variations increase the epizootic activity of anthrax outbreaks. Studies in endemic anthrax areas in Africa suggest that, at the onset of the rainy season, spores from animal carcasses or burial sites are swept down to lower lying areas with intense grass growth, where they aggregate especially around plant roots. Spores can escape during soil disturbances associated with the construction of wells and water pipes to water troughs in pastures with animal burial sites as well as during activities involving the movement of soil at animal burial sites or at watercourses downstream from former tanneries or rendering facilities. Spores can be released from soil foci as a result of heavy rainfall or flooding of pastures near the banks of waters. In addition, these spores must move from deep soil layers to the soil surface in order to cause exposure (contact, inhalation, ingestion).
In theory, anthrax foci can pose a potential risk of infection to animals and humans if sufficient amounts of virulent spores are present in the soil even after an extended period of time.
Potential hazards associated with anthrax soil foci Supplementary material 1: Summary of soil-borne and airborne risks of anthrax infection
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